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Uyghur grammar : ウィキペディア英語版
Uyghur grammar
Uyghur is a Turkic language spoken mostly in the west of China.
Uyghur exhibits the agglutination characteristic to the Turkic family, and its basic word order is subject-object-verb. It lacks grammatical gender and does not use articles. The language's inventory of 24 consonants and eight vowels features both vowel harmony and consonant harmony. Nouns are marked for ten cases, in general with suffixes, and are additionally inflected for number.
This article uses both the Arabic script (official for the language) and Latin script for Uyghur words.
==General characteristics==

The typical word order in Uyghur is subject-object-verb (SOV), as in the sentence "men
uyghurche oquymen", lit., "I Uyghur study." Compare this to English, where the sentence would be expressed with subject-verb-object order: "I study Uyghur."
Uyghur is an agglutinative language, meaning that potentially many suffixes (denoting person, number, case, mood, etc.) are usually all attached to one word stem. For example "to your house," the main word, house, occurs first, and the modifying elements are attached directly to the right and written all in one word: öyingizge (öy-ingiz-ge, lit. "home-your-to"), and "having worked" ishlewatqan (ishle-wat-qan) "work-ing-INDEFINITE.PAST."
Nouns are not distinguished for gender (e.g. male, female), unlike in such languages as Spanish, French, and German. Nouns are usually pluralized (with the suffix +lAr) except when preceded by a numeral: compare "atlar" ("horses") and "ikki at" (two horses). Instead of using articles (like English "a", "the"), Uyghur uses demonstrative pronouns ("this", "that") and no marker or the numeral one (bir) to indicate definiteness and indefiniteness, respectively, e.g. bu müshük "this cat/the cat" vs. bir müshük "a/one cat" or müshük "cat/cats."
Uyghur verbs take different suffixes, usually at least for tense (present, past) and person (I, you, s/he, they, etc.), for example oqu-y-men, lit. read-PRESENT.FUTURE-I, meaning "I read/study." Uyghur verbs can also take other suffixes to mark voice (causative, passive), aspect (continuous), mood (e.g. ability), as well as suffixes that change verbs into nouns—sometimes many all together: oqu-wat-qan-im-da, lit. read-CONTINUOUS-INDEFINITE.P AST-my-at, meaning "When I was studying...." Negation usually also appears as a verb suffix, e.g. oqu-ma-y-men lit. read-NEG- PRESENT.FUTURE-I, "I don’t read."
Uyghur has vowel and consonant harmony, a system where vowels or consonants in a word come to match or become similar to each other, especially as suffixes and other elements are attached. Many but not all words and grammatical elements in Uyghur behave according to these harmonic principles. If a suffix is written with one or more capital letters (e.g. +DA, +lAr, +GA, etc.), these capital letters indicate that these sounds are harmonic, that is, variable: D= d/t, G= gh/q/g/k; K= k/q; A= a/e; I= i/u/ü or ø/i/u/ü.

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